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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 2, Issue 8 755-767, Copyright © 1990 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Early Flower Development in Arabidopsis
D. R. Smyth, J. L. Bowman and E. M. Meyerowitz
Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
The early development of the flower of Arabidopsis thaliana is described
from initiation until the opening of the bud. The morphogenesis, growth
rate, and surface structure of floral organs were recorded in detail using
scanning electron microscopy. Flower development has been divided into 12
stages using a series of landmark events. Stage 1 begins with the
initiation of a floral buttress on the flank of the apical meristem. Stage
2 commences when the flower primordium becomes separate from the meristem.
Sepal primordia then arise (stage 3) and grow to overlie the primordium
(stage 4). Petal and stamen primordia appear next (stage 5) and are soon
enclosed by the sepals (stage 6). During stage 6, petal primordia grow
slowly, whereas stamen primordia enlarge more rapidly. Stage 7 begins when
the medial stamens become stalked. These soon develop locules (stage 8). A
long stage 9 then commences with the petal primordia becoming stalked.
During this stage all organs lengthen rapidly. This includes the gynoecium,
which commences growth as an open-ended tube during stage 6. When the
petals reach the length of the lateral stamens, stage 10 begins. Stigmatic
papillae appear soon after (stage 11), and the petals rapidly reach the
height of the medial stamens (stage 12). This final stage ends when the
1-millimeter-long bud opens. Under our growing conditions 1.9 buds were
initiated per day on average, and they took 13.25 days to progress through
the 12 stages from initiation until opening.
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