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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 9, Issue 8 1369-1380, Copyright © 1997 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Chlamydomonas Xanthophyll Cycle Mutants Identified by Video Imaging of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching
K. K. Niyogi, O. Bjorkman and A. R. Grossman
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, 290 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305
The photosynthetic apparatus in plants is protected against oxidative
damage by processes that dissipate excess absorbed light energy as heat
within the light-harvesting complexes. This dissipation of excitation
energy is measured as nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll
fluorescence. Nonphotochemical quenching depends primarily on the [delta]pH
that is generated by photosynthetic electron transport, and it is also
correlated with the amounts of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin that are
formed from violaxanthin by the operation of the xanthophyll cycle. To
perform a genetic dissection of nonphotochemical quenching, we have
isolated npq mutants of Chlamydomonas by using a digital video-imaging
system. In excessive light, the npq1 mutant is unable to convert
violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin; this reaction is catalyzed
by violaxanthin de-epoxidase. The npq2 mutant appears to be defective in
zeaxanthin epoxidase activity, because it accumulates zeaxanthin and
completely lacks antheraxanthin and violaxanthin under all light
conditions. Characterization of these mutants demonstrates that a component
of nonphotochemical quenching that develops in vivo in Chlamydomonas
depends on the accumulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin via the
xanthophyll cycle. However, observation of substantial, rapid,
[delta]pH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in the npq1 mutant
demonstrates that the formation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin via
violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity is not required for all
[delta]pH-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in this alga. Furthermore,
the xanthophyll cycle is not required for survival of Chlamydomonas in
excessive light.
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