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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 8, Issue 3 393-402, Copyright © 1996 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Cleavage of Nuclear DNA into Oligonucleosomal Fragments during Cell Death Induced by Fungal Infection or by Abiotic Treatments
D. E. Ryerson and M. C. Heath
Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Steet, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
It is often claimed that programmed cell death (pcd) exists in plants and
that a form of pcd known as the hypersensitive response is triggered as a
defense mechanism by microbial pathogens. However, in contrast to animals,
no feature in plants universally identifies or defines pcd. We have looked
for a hallmark of pcd in animal cells, namely, DNA cleavage, in plant cells
killed by infection with incompatible fungi or by abiotic means. We found
that cell death triggered in intact leaves of two resistant cowpea
cultivars by the cowpea rust fungus is accompanied by the cleavage of
nuclear DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments (DNA laddering). Terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling of
leaf sections showed that fungus-induced DNA cleavage occurred only in
haustorium-containing cells and was detectable early in the degeneration
process. Such cytologically detectable DNA cleavage was also observed in
vascular tissue of infected and uninfected plants, but no DNA laddering was
detected in the latter. DNA laddering was triggered by [greater than or
equal to]100 mM KCN, regardless of cowpea cultivar, but not by physical
cell disruption or by concentrations of H2O2, NaN3, CuSO4, or ZnCl2 that
killed cowpea cells at a rate similar to that of ladder-inducing KCN
concentrations. These and other results suggest that the hypersensitive
response to microbial pathogens may involve a pcd with some of the
characteristics of animal apoptosis and that DNA cleavage is a potential
indicator of pcd in plants.
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