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THE PLANT CELL, Vol 2, Issue 2 139-151, Copyright © 1990 by American Society of Plant Biologists
Cooperative Action of Rhizobium meliloti Nodulation and Infection Mutants during the Process of Forming Mixed Infected Alfalfa Nodules
D. Kapp, K. Niehaus, J. Quandt, P. Muller and A. Puhler
University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Postbox 8640, D-4800 Bielefeld 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Alfalfa plants co-inoculated with Rhizobium meliloti nodulation (Nod-) and
infection mutants deficient in exopolysaccharide production (Inf-EPS-)
formed mixed infected nodules that were capable of fixing atmospheric
nitrogen. The formation of infected nodules was dependent on close contact
between the inoculation partners. When the partners were separated by a
filter, empty Fix- nodules were formed, suggesting that infection thread
formation in alfalfa is dependent on signals from the nodulation and
infection genes. In mixed infected nodules, both nodulation and infection
mutants colonized the plant cells and differentiated into bacteroids. The
formation of bacteroids was not dependent on cell-to-cell contact between
the mutants. Immunogold/silver staining revealed that the ratio of the two
mutants varied considerably in colonized plant cells following mixed
inoculation. The introduction of an additional nif/fix mutation into one of
the inoculation partners did not abolish nitrogen fixation in mixed
infected nodules. The expression of nif D::lacZ fusions additionally
demonstrated that mutations in the nodulation and infection genes did not
prevent the nif genes from being expressed in the mutant bacteroids.
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