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First published online July 15, 2005; 10.1105/tpc.105.031302

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The Plant Cell 17:2473-2485 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists

The Evolutionarily Conserved TOUGH Protein Is Required for Proper Development of Arabidopsis thaliana{boxw}

Luz I.A. Calderon-Villalobosa, Carola Kuhnlea, Esther M.N. Dohmanna, Hanbing Lia, Mike Bevanb and Claus Schwechheimera,1

a Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, Tübingen University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
b John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail claus.schwechheimer{at}zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de; fax 49-7071-295135.

In this study, we characterize the evolutionarily conserved TOUGH (TGH) protein as a novel regulator required for Arabidopsis thaliana development. We initially identified TGH as a yeast two-hybrid system interactor of the transcription initiation factor TATA-box binding protein 2. TGH has apparent orthologs in all eukaryotic model organisms with the exception of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TGH contains domains with strong similarity to G-patch and SWAP domains, protein domains that are characteristic of RNA binding and processing proteins. Furthermore, TGH colocalizes with the splicing regulator SRp34 to subnuclear particles. We therefore propose that TGH plays a role in RNA binding or processing. Arabidopsis tgh mutants display developmental defects, including reduced plant height, polycotyly, and reduced vascularization. We found TGH expression to be increased in the amp1-1 mutant, which is similar to tgh mutants with respect to polycotyly and defects in vascular development. Interestingly, we observed a strong genetic interaction between TGH and AMP1 in that tgh-1 amp1-1 double mutants are extremely dwarfed and severely affected in plant development in general and vascular development in particular when compared with the single mutants.






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