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First published online June 24, 2005; 10.1105/tpc.105.032714

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The Plant Cell 17:2217-2229 (2005)
© 2005 American Society of Plant Biologists

Seven Lotus japonicus Genes Required for Transcriptional Reprogramming of the Root during Fungal and Bacterial Symbiosis{boxw}

Catherine Kistnera,1,2, Thilo Winzera,1,3, Andrea Pitzschkea,1,4, Lonneke Muldera,5, Shusei Satob, Takakazu Kanekob, Satoshi Tabatab, Niels Sandalc, Jens Stougaardc, K. Judith Webbd, Krzysztof Szczyglowskie and Martin Parniskea,6,7

a Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
b Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
c Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
d Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
e Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada

7 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail parniske{at}lmu.de; fax 49-89-1785633.

A combined genetic and transcriptome analysis was performed to study the molecular basis of the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis. By testing the AM phenotype of nodulation-impaired mutants and complementation analysis, we defined seven Lotus japonicus common symbiosis genes (SYMRK, CASTOR, POLLUX, SYM3, SYM6, SYM15, and SYM24) that are required for both fungal and bacterial entry into root epidermal or cortical cells. To describe the phenotype of these mutants at the molecular level, we screened for differentiating transcriptional responses of mutant and wild-type roots by large-scale gene expression profiling using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism. Two percent of root transcripts was found to increase in abundance during AM development, from which a set of AM-regulated marker genes was established. A Ser-protease (SbtS) and a Cys-protease (CysS) were also activated during root nodule development. AM-induced transcriptional activation was abolished in roots carrying mutations in common symbiosis genes, suggesting a central position of these genes in a pathway leading to the transcriptional activation of downstream genes. By contrast, AM fungus-induced gene repression appeared to be unaffected in mutant backgrounds, which indicates the presence of additional independent signaling pathways.




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