First published online April 20, 2004; 10.1105/tpc.020313
The Plant Cell 16:1191-1205 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
The transparent testa4 Mutation Prevents Flavonoid Synthesis and Alters Auxin Transport and the Response of Arabidopsis Roots to Gravity and Light
Charles S. Buer and
Gloria K. Muday1
Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail muday{at}wfu.edu; fax 336-758-6008.
We examined whether flavonoids act as endogenous auxin transport regulators during gravity vector and light intensity changes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Flavonoid deficient transparent testa4 [tt4(2YY6)] seedlings had elevated root basipetal auxin transport compared with the wild type, consistent with the absence of a negative auxin transport regulator. The tt4(2YY6) roots had delayed gravitropism that was chemically complemented with a flavonoid intermediate. Flavonoid accumulation was found in wild-type columella cells, the site of gravity perception, and in epidermal and cortical cells, the site of differential growth, but flavonoid accumulation was absent in tt4(2YY6) roots. Flavonoid accumulation was higher in gravity-stimulated root tips as compared with vertical controls, with maximum differences coinciding with the timing of gravitropic bending, and was located in epidermal cells. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also elevated flavonoid accumulation, suggesting that flavonoid changes in response to gravity might be partly as a result of changing IAA distribution. Acropetal IAA transport was also elevated in roots of tt4(2YY6). Flavonoid synthesis was repressed in the dark, as were differences in root acropetal transport in tt4(2YY6). These results are consistent with light- and gravity-induced flavonoid stimulation that alters auxin transport in roots and dependent physiological processes, including gravitropic bending and root development.
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