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The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, 1907-1918, August 2001, Copyright © 2001,
American Society of Plant Biologists

The Arabidopsis sex1 Mutant Is Defective in the R1 Protein, a General Regulator of Starch Degradation in Plants, and Not in the Chloroplast Hexose Transporter

Tien-Shin Yu1,a, Heike Kofler1,b, Rainer E. Häuslerb, Diana Hilleb, Ulf-Ingo Flüggeb, Samuel C. Zeemanc, Alison M. Smithc, Jens Kossmannd, James Lloydd, Gerhard Ritte1,e, Martin Steupe, Wei-Ling Luea, Jychian Chen2,a and Andreas Weber2,b

a Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
b Lehrstuhl Botanik II, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, 50931 Köln, Germany
c John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
d Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
e Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenphysiologie, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Golm, Germany

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail andr.weber{at}uni-koeln.de; fax 49-221-470-5039; email mbjchen{at}ccvax.sinica.edu.tw

Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in higher plants and of considerable importance for the human diet and for numerous technical applications. In addition, starch can be accumulated transiently in chloroplasts as a temporary deposit of carbohydrates during ongoing photosynthesis. This transitory starch has to be mobilized during the subsequent dark period. Mutants defective in starch mobilization are characterized by high starch contents in leaves after prolonged periods of darkness and therefore are termed starch excess (sex) mutants. Here we describe the molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis sex1 mutant that has been proposed to be defective in the export of glucose resulting from hydrolytic starch breakdown. The mutated gene in sex1 was cloned using a map-based cloning approach. By complementation of the mutant, immunological analysis, and analysis of starch phosphorylation, we show that sex1 is defective in the Arabidopsis homolog of the R1 protein and not in the hexose transporter. We propose that the SEX1 protein (R1) functions as an overall regulator of starch mobilization by controlling the phosphate content of starch.




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